World Glaucoma Day: Everyone is at risk—early detection is the only defence

Glaucoma, often called the “
silent thief of sight,” gradually damages the optic nerve, usually without warning. On this World Glaucoma Day, Firstpost spoke with Dr. Ramanjit Sihota, a renowned expert from Shroff Eye Centre (Delhi) to discuss the disease’s causes, risk factors and the critical importance of early detection and treatment.

What exactly is glaucoma?

Dr. Sihota: Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, which connects the eyes to the brain. Any damage to this structure can lead to vision loss. Many people refer to it as Kala Motiya in Hindi. Usually, this damage is caused by abnormally high pressure buildup inside the eye, harming the delicate optic nerve fibers. Other contributing factors include poor blood supply to the eye and genetics.

How can someone know they have glaucoma if it’s so “silent”?

Dr. Sihota: That’s the tricky part. In its early stages, glaucoma typically has no noticeable symptoms. Reading and central vision remain clear, and there’s no pain. Many patients say, “But we didn’t think anything was wrong—we could see fine.” This is why regular eye check-ups are crucial. Once vision loss occurs, it cannot be reversed. As the disease progresses, patients may experience gradual peripheral vision loss. Many report difficulties while driving, such as not seeing cars overtaking from the side, or struggling with depth perception, like misjudging stairs. It’s like looking through a pipe—where the central vision is clear, but the side vision is missing. In advanced stages, central vision can also be affected and can lead to irreversible blindness.

Should a 20-year-old get checked for glaucoma too?

Dr. Sihota: If a young person has had an eye injury, an existing eye condition, or any past eye surgery, they should be screened for glaucoma.

Glaucoma doesn’t discriminate; it can affect anyone. Everyone must get annual eye check-ups, with an eye specialist. Going to your optical shop and getting your power tested is not a substitute for a proper eye checkup. Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide.
Early detection and treatment are essential.

What should glaucoma patients be aware of after diagnosis?

Dr. Sihota: The good news is that we now have effective medications, laser procedures, and safer surgeries, making glaucoma manageable in most cases. However, it is a chronic condition that requires lifelong care. Follow treatment advice carefully. Using prescribed eye drops on time, every day, is crucial. Setting multiple mobile alarms can help with reminders.

*Don’t miss follow-ups. Regular monitoring allows specialists to track disease progression and adjust treatment as needed.

*Adjust to changes. While treatment slows or halts progression, it cannot reverse existing damage.

*Maintain a healthy lifestyle. Eating well, managing blood pressure and sugar levels, reducing stress, and engaging in aerobic exercise can positively impact glaucoma and eye pressure.

What treatment options are available for glaucoma patients?

Dr. Sihota: Treatment focuses on lowering intraocular pressure to prevent further optic nerve damage. The first line of treatment is prescription eye drops, which help reduce pressure. If eye drops are insufficient, laser therapy—such as iridotomy or selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT)—can improve fluid drainage from the eye. If pressure remains uncontrolled, surgical procedures like trabeculectomy or minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) may be necessary.

So, no pain, no obvious signs until it’s too late? Who should be getting regular eye check-ups?

Dr. Sihota: Everyone! While glaucoma can affect anyone, it is more common in people over 40.

Certain individuals are at higher risk:

*Those over 40 years of age

*People with a family history of glaucoma

*Individuals with myopia (nearsightedness)

*Those with diabetes or hypertension (high blood pressure)

*People using steroids, commonly for asthma or skin conditions

These individuals should have regular check-ups with an eye specialist to monitor for optic nerve damage or elevated eye pressure.

Exercise and eye health: Benefits and precautions

Dr. Sihota: Exercise benefits overall health, including eye health. Regular moderate aerobic activities like brisk walking, swimming, or cycling can help lower intraocular pressure. However, certain exercises—such as those involving breath-holding or headstands—can increase eye pressure. Since opinions vary, it’s best to consult an eye specialist before choosing an exercise routine. Working with a qualified fitness professional can also help determine the safest activities. Managing stress through mindfulness techniques can also support optic nerve health. Raising awareness about glaucoma empowers people to take control of their eye health and overall well-being.